Sensitivity of soil parameters in unsaturated zone modelling and the relation between effective,laboratory and in situ estimates     

J. Mertens  H. Madsen  M. Kristensen  D. Jacques  J. Feyen 《水文研究》2005,19(8):1611-1633

Simulation of soil moisture content requires effective soil hydraulic parameters that are valid at the modelling scale. This study investigates how these parameters can be estimated by inverse modelling using soil moisture measurements at 25 locations at three different depths (at the surface, at 30 and 60 cm depth) on an 80 by 20 m hillslope. The study presents two global sensitivity analyses to investigate the sensitivity in simulated soil moisture content of the different hydraulic parameters used in a one‐dimensional unsaturated zone model based on Richards' equation. For estimation of the effective parameters the shuffled complex evolution algorithm is applied. These estimated parameters are compared to their measured laboratory and in situ equivalents. Soil hydraulic functions were estimated in the laboratory on 100 cm³ undisturbed soil cores collected at 115 locations situated in two horizons in three profile pits along the hillslope. Furthermore, in situ field saturated hydraulic conductivity was estimated at 120 locations using single‐ring pressure infiltrometer measurements. The sensitivity analysis of 13 soil physical parameters (saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s), saturated moisture content (θ_s), residual moisture content (θ_r), inverse of the air‐entry value (α), van Genuchten shape parameter (n), Averjanov shape parameter (N) for both horizons, and depth (d) from surface to B horizon) in a two‐layer single column model showed that the parameter N is the least sensitive parameter. K_s of both horizons, θ_s of the A horizon and d were found to be the most sensitive parameters. Distributions over all locations of the effective parameters and the distributions of the estimated soil physical parameters from the undisturbed soil samples and the single‐ring pressure infiltrometer estimates were found significantly different at a 5% level for all parameters except for α of the A horizon and K_s and θ_s of the B horizon. Different reasons are discussed to explain these large differences. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

九龙江河口区现代沉积环境及其物质输运趋势   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

方建勇  陈坚  王爱军  李东义  黄财宾 《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2010,(2)

对九龙江河口区58个表层沉积物样品进行了激光粒度分析,并分别应用系统聚类分析和GSTA模型分析,探讨了研究区的沉积特征、沉积环境和表层沉积物输运趋势。结果表明,九龙江河口区表层沉积物由10种沉积物类型组成,与20世纪80年代相比,该海区底质沉积物在类型分布和粒径粗细上发生了一定的变化;将研究区划分为3种与沉积动力特征相对应的主要沉积环境区;表层沉积物输运趋势因受该区特殊的地形和复杂的水动力条件影响而表现为北进南出,海门岛西北海域形成逆时针方向输运趋势,而海门岛以东海域形成三向汇聚的输运趋势。  相似文献   

Seasonal variations of phytoplankton diversity in the Coleroon coastal waters, southeast coast of India   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Thillai Rajasekar K  Rajkumar M  SUN Jun  Ashok Prabu V  Perumal P 《海洋学报(英文版)》2010,29(5):97-108

The results of an investigation carried out during June 2005 to May 2007 on physico-chemical parameters,species composition and community structure of phytoplankton including Chlorophyll a(Chl-a) at the Coleroon coastal waters(Southeast coast of India) are reported.Air and surface water temperatures(°C) varied from 25.1 to 30.1 and from 24.5 to 28.5 respectively.Salinity values varied from 6 to 28.5 and the pH ranged between 7.0 and 8.3.Variation in dissolved oxygen content was from 3.1 to 7.5 mg/dm-3 while the light extinction coefficient values(LEC) ranged between 3.1 and 10.1 cm.The ranges of inorganic nutrients(μmol/dm-3) viz.,nitrate,nitrite,phosphate and silicate were 10.1-23.4,1.2-8.9,0.2-3.1 and 55-125,respectively.The ranges of Chlorophyll a(μg/dm-3) values was 2.0-7.5.Presently,124 phytoplankton species representing different classes viz:Bacillariophyceae(77),Dinophyceae(19),Cyanophyceae(15),Chlorophyceae(10) and Chrysophyceae(3) were recorded.The phytoplankton cell abundance varied from 0.290 to 111.662 cells/cm-3,with peak diversity(3.38 bits/ind.) during summer season.The maximum abundance was found during summer season coinciding with the stable hydrographical conditions.The seasonal distribution and abundance of phytoplankton are discussed in relation to hydrographical parameters.Canonical Correspondence Analysis(CCA) was applied in this paper for discriminating environmental factors having effect on phytoplankton community at species level.Coleroon coastal water is subjected to long term fluctuations in physico-chemical parameters depending upon the seasonal tidal amplitude and freshwater influx resulting in a continuous exchange of organic,inorganic,plant and animal matters.  相似文献   

利用控制点三维信息标定机载双天线干涉SAR参数   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

张薇  向茂生  吴一戎 《测绘学报》2010,39(4):370-377

采用基于敏感度方程的方法,研究基于三维重建模型下的机载双天线干涉SAR系统的干涉参数定标问题.干涉参数定标是生成高精度数字高程模型的关键.本文修正了Madsen提出的干涉SAR三维重建的视向量正交分解算法,采用电磁波波前的球面波模型,加入了载机的姿态旋转,构建一种新的干涉SAR三维重建模型.利用各干涉参数对控制点三维信息的不同的敏感性,提出分别利用地面控制点三维信息,对各干涉参数进行定标.并利用中国科学院电子学研究所自主设计、研制的机载干涉SAR系统数据,进行定标处理实验验证.  相似文献   

国家1:50000数据库更新工程总体设计研究与技术创新   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4  

陈军  王东华  商瑶玲  廖安平  赵仁亮  刘建军  朱武  李力勐 《测绘学报》2010,39(1):7-10

为了全面提高1:50000数据库的信息现势性和要素完整性,我国"十一五"期间组织实施了国家1:50000数据库更新工程.介绍该工程总体技术研究与技术创新工作,包括研究设计以地形数据全要素更新、全区域变化检测和全过程质量控制为主要特征的1:50000数据库全面更新模式,研究提出符合我国大面积快速更新实际需要的缩编更新优先、影像一体化更新为主的主体更新方法,设计研制规模化更新所需的生产技术系统,制定配套的生产技术规定,建立规模化更新生产业务体系,并在全国大规模更新生产中广泛使用.

Abstract：

The currency of geographic data refers to its consistency with respect to the real world, and plays a criti-cal role in geographic information service and applications. In order to improve the quality of geographic informa-tion service, State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping of China had launched a five year's national campaign to up-date 1 : 50000 topographic database. This paper outlines the master design and technical development of this na-tional updating engineering, which adopts a full coverage updating strategy characterized by all element topo-graphic data modeling, change detection in all related areas, and whole process data quality controlling. High resolution image-based updating and large-scale data generalization-based updating were developed and used as two majors updating techniques, a series of technical production specifications were made, Based on the above, a technical system for large scale updating production, mainly including image based updating software and data generalization based updating software, has been developed and equipped to a large number of production units. The new technical pro-duction system has been successfully implemented in national campaign to update 1 : 50000 topographic database.  相似文献   

Is rainfall intensity significant in the rainfall–runoff process within tropical rainforests of northeast Queensland? The Hewlett regression analyses revisited     

Andrew J. Howard  Mike Bonell  Don Gilmour  David Cassells 《水文研究》2010,24(18):2520-2537

Following the statistical analyses of long‐term rainfall‐runoff records from research basins in humid temperate latitudes, Hewlett and co‐workers extended the global challenge to disprove their findings that rainfall intensity was non‐significant. This paper responds to Hewlett's challenge as no preceding analyses have involved forested basins in a tropical cyclone‐prone area. Based on a 7 year rainfall‐runoff record, quickflow (QF), peak flow (QP) and quickflow response ratios (QRR) were regressed as dependent variables against rainfall parameters (intensity, P_i, amount, P), storm duration, D and antecedent flow, I. These data sets were categorised into total streamflow (Q) classes and stratified into three seasons, (monsoon, post‐monsoon and dry) for forested and cleared catchments. Where rainfall variable collinearity met acceptable levels, the addition of P_i to regression models including P, D, I contributed up to 9% and 66% of the respective variations in quickflow and peak flow. For the highest Q storm classes (monsoon), P_i alone accounted for up to 67% and 91% of the variation in Q_F and Q_P respectively and was the dominant influence on Q_P for all seasons. The very high rainfall intensities experienced in the monsoon season is a causal factor why these results differ from those of other research drainage basins. Surprisingly, P_i continued to have a significant influence on Q_F for dry season classes when less‐intense rainfall occurs. Further the results were similar for both catchments across all seasons. P was the dominant independent variable affecting Q_F above a threshold Q of 50 mm (monsoon), as rainfall contributes directly to saturation overland flow and return flow under saturated conditions. Further although QRR increased with increasing Q for each season, the regression results for that parameter were poor possibly due to the non‐linearity of the rainfall‐runoff relationship. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Diel and seasonal variability in the fish community structure of a mud‐bottom estuarine habitat in the Gulf of Mexico     

Manuel Castillo‐Rivera  Rocío Zárate‐Hernández  Selene Ortiz‐Burgos  José Zavala‐Hurtado 《Marine Ecology》2010,31(4):633-642

We hypothesized that temporal variation in fish species composition and community structure in a low complexity habitat in the Pueblo Viejo Lagoon, Mexico, is influenced by diel light/dark cycles and tidal stage, and by seasonal changes in salinity and temperature. We collected a total of 17,661 individuals during 2‐h interval sampling over six bi‐monthly 24‐h sampling cycles representing 53 species, of which 11 (～20%) were previously unknown in the system. Diel variation indicated that significantly higher numbers of individuals and species were caught at night, whereas diversity and evenness were higher during the day. Species richness was significantly higher in July and January, whereas diversity and evenness peaked around May; both were correlated with temperature. Diel variation in species composition was influenced primarily by the light/dark cycle. Cluster analyses of each diel cycle separated fish assemblages from midday samples from those of nocturnal samples, separated by an extended wide transition period as fish moved at dawn and during the late afternoon/dusk. Significant shifts (as determined by MANOVA) in assemblage structure occurred between months. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that temperature and day/night effects were the most important environmental variables structuring the fish community. This constrained ordination also defined species with specific habitat preferences as follows: (i) diurnal, warm temperature species (mainly planktivores) (Brevoortia gunteri, Cetengraulis edentulus, Diapterus auratus, and Membras martinica); (ii) nocturnal, warm temperature species (mainly predators) (Citharichthys spilopterus, Cathorops melanopus, and Bairdiella spp.); and (iii) low temperature, diurnal species (Brevoortia patronus and Mugil curema) or those with twilight and nocturnal distributions (Anchoa mitchilli, the most numerically abundant species). Our results indicate that diel and seasonal changes in fish community structure were mainly related to day/night cycles and temperature regimes.  相似文献   

平湖油气田低渗透储层测井评价研究     

许风光  马国新  陈明  高伟义 《海洋地质译丛》2010,(3):78-83

平湖油气田P11储层开发是平湖油气田增储提产的重要目标,也是当前平湖油气田开发面临的难题之一。由于埋藏深,储层物性条件差,试油自然产能低下,储层流体性质复杂,气油比低,凝析油含量高,密度大,储层温度高,压力系数高,给测井解释和评价带来很大困难,对开发方案的实施提出了挑战。根据岩心分析资料,从成岩作用、沉积作用等方面对平湖组放鹤亭P11储层低渗原因进行了分析;对P11储层的测井响应特征进行了总结,对P11储层＂四性＂关系、孔隙度结构进行剖析,对储层孔隙度、渗透率、饱和度等参数进行了研究,得到一套适合P11储层测井解释评价的方法,为P11储层的开发提供参数依据和测井解释服务。  相似文献   

Estimation of poromechanical and thermal conductivity properties of unsaturated isotropically microcracked cement pastes     

Benoît Bary 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2011,35(14):1560-1586

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A Comprehensive Observational Analysis for the Effects of Gas Cannons on Clouds and Precipitation     

吴彬  王丹丹  李艳芳  尹浩  杜爽  黎朋红 《热带气象学报(英文版)》2022,28(2):237-251

To analyze the effects of gas cannons on clouds and precipitation, multisource observational data, including those from National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis, Hangzhou and Huzhou new-generation weather radars, laser disdrometer, ground-based automatic weather station, wind profiler radar, and Lin''an C-band dual polarization radar, were adopted in this study. Based on the variational dual-Doppler wind retrieval method and the polarimetric variables obtained by the dual-polarization radar, we analyzed the microphysical processes and the variations in the macro - and microphysical quantities in clouds from the perspective of the synoptic background before precipitation enhancement, the polarization echo characteristics before, during and after enhancement, and the evolution of the fine three-dimensional kinematic structure and the microphysical structure. The results show that the precipitation enhancement operation promoted the development of radar echoes and prolonged their duration, and both the horizontal and vertical wind speeds increased. The dual-polarization radar echo showed that the diameter of the precipitation particles increased, and the concentration of raindrops increased after precipitation enhancement. The raindrops were lifted to a height corresponding to 0 to -20 ℃ due to vertical updrafts. Based on the disdrometer data during precipitation enhancement, the concentration of small raindrops (lgNw) showed a significant increase, and the mass-weighted diameter Dm value decreased, indicating that the precipitation enhancement operation played a certain“lubricating”effect. After the precipitation enhancement, the concentration of raindrops did not change much compared with that during the enhancement process, while the Dm increased, corresponding to an increase in rain intensity. The results suggest the positive effect of gas cannons on precipitation enhancement.  相似文献